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This book provides a comprehensive rationale from a historical and global perspective: whether the population is growing positively or negatively, the logic of economic development is that a stable currency drives credit expansion, credit expansion drives capital accumulation, and capital accumulation determines economic development. The era of positive population growth does not necessarily correspond to economic prosperity, as the realisation of the demographic dividend requires specific economic and financial conditions; in the era of negative population growth, long-term stagnation does not necessarily occur, as new capital accumulation and new financial and fiscal changes, including digital capital, new energy capital and human capital, are opportunities for future economic growth.