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This book reviews the development of China’s social security system since 1949 and analyzes its key features in each stage. By stressing  the role of the social security system in regulating income distribution, it points out some problems in the current social security framework that are becoming apparent as  income inequality continues to grow. It proposes various measures such as intensifying the reform of the social insurance fund, expanding old-age insurance coverage, promoting healthcare equality, and establishing a new rural medical insurance  system. The authors makes the case that these will be instrumental for  improving fairness, sustainability, and inclusivity of the system.