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We are familiar with the three terms "capitalism", "socialism" and "communism", but we often have a half understanding of what they are. Considering that the three thoughts of "capitalism", "socialism" and "communism" have affected the lives of hundreds of millions of people around the world, we need to have a deep understanding of them. These three trends of thought all originated in the transition period from feudal society to modern society in Europe. It is not accidental to view them from the perspective of social theory. They are to respond to the fundamental problems of modern society: the important feature of modern society is that the economic subsystem in the social system requires to get rid of the control and restraint of other social systems and become independent. Then, is this new society good or not and how should it operate? These three trends of thought represented the three basic ideas of thinkers at that time when facing this issue, and had a profound impact on the later generations. It can be said that the differences between many important "ideological trends" and "schools" in the academic circles can be regarded as an extension of the three "doctrines" in the past. This book attempts to make an in-depth exploration of the causes and essence of these three trends of thought, as well as their assumptions on how society should operate, from the perspective of ideological history and with modernity as the starting point.